If you're considering luxury homes and are looking for the right home builders for your property, there are plenty of things that you must think about. Choosing the wrong home builders can mean that your project is over budget and delayed, but it can also mean that you don't get the special touches that you're looking for. Look at a number of display homes before you narrow down which home builders you might consider working with to help make your decision easier, but doesn't forget about these three things.
Reputation Of The Builder
When you're looking for luxury homes, the reputation of the builder is vital. While some new builders are perfectly safe to use, it's a better bet to find one that's established within your community. This can help ensure that you're receiving a house that's structurally sound and backed by a company that's proven itself and stood the test of time.
Don't Forget About Luxury Baths, Stunning Kitchens And Sun Porches
When looking into luxury homes, don't forget the, well, luxury! Look for an open floor plan and high ceilings since these things can help make your house open and inviting. However, that's not all. It's said that kitchens and baths make a house and luxury homes are no exception.
Look for designer kitchens that are full of timeless stainless steel appliances, large walk in pantries to hold all your ingredients and even scullery areas. A scullery is a fairly new touch in luxury homes and it's a tucked away workspace just off the kitchen that's complete with a sink and everything you need to prepare a meal. Having a scullery means that homeowners will be able to tuck meal and party preparations behind closed doors and not mess up their kitchens.
One last popular touch is a sun porch that increases a home's living space. Many houses open right up to their outdoor living space so look for a house with sliding glass doors that can open up entirely so you can enjoy both the indoors and the outdoors.
Protect The Environment With Features Like Solar Power Generation And More
Lastly, make sure your house is doing its part to help the environment. Ask to make sure your house will be orientated the correct way. A home that's facing the wrong direction means that the heating and cooling systems need to work overtime just to keep the inside comfortable. Another way your home builders can help protect the environment is to use a solar power generation system to generate electricity for the house. This helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which is good for everyone. Other environmentally friendly touches can include smart flush toilets, solar gas boosted hot water and sufficient insulation.
When you're looking into luxury homes, make it a point to tour quite a few different display homes from many different home builders. Doing your research before you choose your builder can help ensure that you end up with a home that you'll love for years and years to come.
Buyers looking for luxury homes in Perth can find the home of their dreams from National Homes. The home builders in Perth have a number of display homes in WA for prospective buyers to consider. To see floor plans or to learn more, please visit its site.
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Cancerous tumors deliver pro-metastatic information in secreted vesiclesPublic release date: 29-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Lauren Woods law2014@med.cornell.edu 212-821-0560 New York- Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center/Weill Cornell Medical College
Cellular particles fuse with organs establishing an environment ripe for the spread of cancer
NEW YORK (May 29, 2012) -- Cancer researchers have known for well over a century that different tumor types spread only to specific, preferred organs. But no one has been able to determine the mechanisms of organ specific metastasis, the so-called "soil and seed" theory of 1889. New details that could help shed light on this hypothesis have been provided by a team of researchers from Weill Cornell Medical College, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and their collaborators, proposing a new mechanism controlling cancer metastasis that offers fresh diagnostic and treatment potential.
The findings, recently published online by Nature Medicine, show how melanoma cancer cells release small "exosome" vesicles (microscopic particles like "bubbles" filled with many different molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids) that travel to the bone, liver, lung and brain. This cellular material fuses with these organs and establishes an environment ripe for spreading tumor cells.
These dangerous cancer exosomes have many effects, the researchers say, such as triggering inflammation, promoting leaky blood vessels and "educating" bone marrow progenitor cells to participate in the metastatic cascade soon to come.
The fact that these exosomes circulate in the blood -- and thus are readily measurable as well as accessible -- could provide an advantage to cancer diagnoses, prognoses and treatment, the researchers say.
"The exosome profile could be useful in a number of ways -- to help detect cancer early, to predict the aggressiveness of a patient's tumor and response to chemotherapy or other treatments, and to understand the risk of cancer recurrence or spread before traditional methods would be able to," says Dr. David C. Lyden, the Stavros S. Niarchos Associate Professor in Pediatric Cardiology, associate professor of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology at Weill Cornell Medical College and a pediatric neuro-oncologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
"We believe each tumor type will have its own exosomal protein profile that will represent each tumor subtype," says Dr. Jacqueline F. Bromberg, an associate attending physician at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and associate professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell, who studies breast cancer. "The exosomal proteins will be useful for prognosis in predicting which patients, including those who develop disease decades after their original diagnosis, will likely be at risk for future metastatic disease."
Dr. Lyden and Dr. Bromberg are the study's co-senior authors.
The study's lead author, Dr. Hector Peinado, instructor of molecular biology in the Department of Pediatrics at Weill Cornell Medical College, says the study suggests that effective cancer treatment must be multi-layered. "If, in the future, we were able to find a way to control the 'education' of bone marrow cells, as well as the release and content of tumor exosomes in cancer patients, we would be able to curtail and reduce the spread of cancer, and improve the patient's quality of life and survival," he says.
Not Just Trash Bags
Dr. Lyden and his colleagues have long been trying to decode the biochemical processes that produce the "pre-metastatic niche" -- the sites in distant organs that are primed to provide a nurturing home for cells that spread from a primary tumor. He and his colleagues were first to identify that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) were found to be crucial to formation of this niche. In this study they sought to understand the signals that prompt BMDCs to do their work at the niche. They looked at exosomes, microvesicles secreted by all cells, which were long thought to be just cellular trash bags to dump used proteins. Recently, however, exosomes were found to contain RNA, including nucleic acids found in cancer cells. Interest in exosomes increased due to their obvious diagnostic potential.
The researchers were interested to see if the exosomes budding off of melanoma actually participated in the course of the cancer -- and they found that they do, and to a great extent.
"Upon their release from the primary tumor, exosomes derived from melanoma cells fuse with cells in distant metastatic organs and lymph nodes, mediating vascular leakiness and inflammation, thereby promoting the formation of pre-metastatic niches that enhance future metastatic growth," Dr. Lyden says.
According to Dr. Peinado, a number of exosomal proteins are transferred by the exosomes to BMDCs where they can reprogram or "educate" the cells to participate in the metastatic cascade. "We found an oncogenic protein, called MET, that is produced by highly metastatic tumors and packaged into pro-metastatic exosomes. The tumor exosomes circulate, fuse and transfer their information, including the MET oncoprotein, to many cells, such as bone marrow cells, which in turn promote a pro-metastatic phenotype," he says.
They also discovered that the education of BMDCs by exosomes is long-lasting, and this may explain how a tumor dormant for decades suddenly develops metastatic disease. These findings are crucial, says Dr. Bromberg, because "educated bone marrow is the key in disease recurrence and may even foster a future secondary cancer."
Examining human blood samples, the scientists found a distinct signature of exosomal proteins (including MET) in patients with stage IV, widely metastatic melanoma that was not found in blood exosomes from patients with non-metastatic melanoma.
They say this protein signature could be used to predict which patients with stage III disease and local lymph node metastasis would then go on to develop distant metastatic disease. "Treatment modalities could be initiated earlier in these high-risk patients to prevent disease progression," Dr. Lyden says. "Our results demonstrated that MET oncoprotein expression, which can be easily analyzed in a simple blood test, could be used as a new marker of metastatic disease in melanoma patients."
The researchers then discovered two ways to reduce exosomal-induced metastasis. One way was to target the protein, Rab27a, responsible for production of exosomes. Another was to proactively educate BMDCs using exosomes spawned from melanoma cells that rarely metastasize.
"We have found that less or non-metastatic exosomal proteins may educate bone marrow cells to avoid partaking in the metastatic process," says Dr. Lyden. "We are working on determining which particular exosomal proteins may be responsible for preventing metastatic participation.
"This concept may one day be applied to the clinic, where non-metastatic exosome proteins may help prevent the acceleration of tumor growth and metastatic disease, allowing patients with cancer to live longer lives," he says.
###
Co-authors include Dr. Irina Matei, Bruno Costa-Silva, Caitlin Williams, Dr. Guillermo Garca-Santos, Dr. Ayuko Nitadori-Hoshino, Dr. Karen Badal and Dr. Caitlin Hoffman from Weill Cornell Medical College; Maa Ale?kovi?, Dr. Benjamin A Garcia, and Dr. Yibin Kang from Princeton University; Dr. Simon Lavotshkin from Columbia University; Dr. Vilma R. Martins from the International Center for Research and Education, A.C. Camargo Hospital, So Paulo, Brazil; Dr. Gema Moreno-Bueno and Marta Hergueta-Redondo, Departamento de Bioqumica, Universidad Autnoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomdicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas (CSIC)-UAM, IdiPAZ (Instituto de Investigacin Sanitaria La Paz) & Fundacin MD Anderson Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain; Dr. Cyrus M. Ghajar from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Dr. Margaret K. Callahan, Dr. Jedd D. Wolchok, Dr. Paul B. Chapman, Dr. Mary Sue Brady, and Dr. Jianda Yuan from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Dr. Johan Skog from Exosome Diagnostics Inc., New York; and Dr. Rosandra N. Kaplan, from the National Cancer Institute.
The research was supported by grants from the Children's Cancer & Blood Foundation, The Manning Foundation, The Hartwell Foundation, Pediatric Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Investigators Consortium, Stavros S. Niarchos Foundation, Champalimaud Foundation, The Nancy C. and Daniel P. Paduano Foundation, The Mary Kay Foundation, American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association 5th District, The Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Foundation, the National Cancer Institute, National Foundation for Cancer Research, Susan G. Komen for the Cure, Fundacin para el Fomento en Asturias de la Investigacin Cientfica Aplicada y la Tecnologa, University of Oviedo Foundation, The Beth C. Tortolani Foundation, Sussman Family Fund, Charles and Marjorie Holloway Foundation, Manhasset Breast Cancer Fund, The National Institutes of Health, Fundao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo, the National Science Foundation, The George Best Costacos Foundation, and an American Society for Mass Spectrometry research award.
Weill Cornell Medical College
Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University's medical school located in New York City, is committed to excellence in research, teaching, patient care and the advancement of the art and science of medicine, locally, nationally and globally. Physicians and scientists of Weill Cornell Medical College are engaged in cutting-edge research from bench to bedside, aimed at unlocking mysteries of the human body in health and sickness and toward developing new treatments and prevention strategies. In its commitment to global health and education, Weill Cornell has a strong presence in places such as Qatar, Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria and Turkey. Through the historic Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, the Medical College is the first in the U.S. to offer its M.D. degree overseas. Weill Cornell is the birthplace of many medical advances -- including the development of the Pap test for cervical cancer, the synthesis of penicillin, the first successful embryo-biopsy pregnancy and birth in the U.S., the first clinical trial of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease, and most recently, the world's first successful use of deep brain stimulation to treat a minimally conscious brain-injured patient. Weill Cornell Medical College is affiliated with NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, where its faculty provides comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center. The Medical College is also affiliated with the Methodist Hospital in Houston. For more information, visit weill.cornell.edu.
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Cancerous tumors deliver pro-metastatic information in secreted vesiclesPublic release date: 29-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Lauren Woods law2014@med.cornell.edu 212-821-0560 New York- Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center/Weill Cornell Medical College
Cellular particles fuse with organs establishing an environment ripe for the spread of cancer
NEW YORK (May 29, 2012) -- Cancer researchers have known for well over a century that different tumor types spread only to specific, preferred organs. But no one has been able to determine the mechanisms of organ specific metastasis, the so-called "soil and seed" theory of 1889. New details that could help shed light on this hypothesis have been provided by a team of researchers from Weill Cornell Medical College, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and their collaborators, proposing a new mechanism controlling cancer metastasis that offers fresh diagnostic and treatment potential.
The findings, recently published online by Nature Medicine, show how melanoma cancer cells release small "exosome" vesicles (microscopic particles like "bubbles" filled with many different molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids) that travel to the bone, liver, lung and brain. This cellular material fuses with these organs and establishes an environment ripe for spreading tumor cells.
These dangerous cancer exosomes have many effects, the researchers say, such as triggering inflammation, promoting leaky blood vessels and "educating" bone marrow progenitor cells to participate in the metastatic cascade soon to come.
The fact that these exosomes circulate in the blood -- and thus are readily measurable as well as accessible -- could provide an advantage to cancer diagnoses, prognoses and treatment, the researchers say.
"The exosome profile could be useful in a number of ways -- to help detect cancer early, to predict the aggressiveness of a patient's tumor and response to chemotherapy or other treatments, and to understand the risk of cancer recurrence or spread before traditional methods would be able to," says Dr. David C. Lyden, the Stavros S. Niarchos Associate Professor in Pediatric Cardiology, associate professor of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology at Weill Cornell Medical College and a pediatric neuro-oncologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
"We believe each tumor type will have its own exosomal protein profile that will represent each tumor subtype," says Dr. Jacqueline F. Bromberg, an associate attending physician at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and associate professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell, who studies breast cancer. "The exosomal proteins will be useful for prognosis in predicting which patients, including those who develop disease decades after their original diagnosis, will likely be at risk for future metastatic disease."
Dr. Lyden and Dr. Bromberg are the study's co-senior authors.
The study's lead author, Dr. Hector Peinado, instructor of molecular biology in the Department of Pediatrics at Weill Cornell Medical College, says the study suggests that effective cancer treatment must be multi-layered. "If, in the future, we were able to find a way to control the 'education' of bone marrow cells, as well as the release and content of tumor exosomes in cancer patients, we would be able to curtail and reduce the spread of cancer, and improve the patient's quality of life and survival," he says.
Not Just Trash Bags
Dr. Lyden and his colleagues have long been trying to decode the biochemical processes that produce the "pre-metastatic niche" -- the sites in distant organs that are primed to provide a nurturing home for cells that spread from a primary tumor. He and his colleagues were first to identify that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) were found to be crucial to formation of this niche. In this study they sought to understand the signals that prompt BMDCs to do their work at the niche. They looked at exosomes, microvesicles secreted by all cells, which were long thought to be just cellular trash bags to dump used proteins. Recently, however, exosomes were found to contain RNA, including nucleic acids found in cancer cells. Interest in exosomes increased due to their obvious diagnostic potential.
The researchers were interested to see if the exosomes budding off of melanoma actually participated in the course of the cancer -- and they found that they do, and to a great extent.
"Upon their release from the primary tumor, exosomes derived from melanoma cells fuse with cells in distant metastatic organs and lymph nodes, mediating vascular leakiness and inflammation, thereby promoting the formation of pre-metastatic niches that enhance future metastatic growth," Dr. Lyden says.
According to Dr. Peinado, a number of exosomal proteins are transferred by the exosomes to BMDCs where they can reprogram or "educate" the cells to participate in the metastatic cascade. "We found an oncogenic protein, called MET, that is produced by highly metastatic tumors and packaged into pro-metastatic exosomes. The tumor exosomes circulate, fuse and transfer their information, including the MET oncoprotein, to many cells, such as bone marrow cells, which in turn promote a pro-metastatic phenotype," he says.
They also discovered that the education of BMDCs by exosomes is long-lasting, and this may explain how a tumor dormant for decades suddenly develops metastatic disease. These findings are crucial, says Dr. Bromberg, because "educated bone marrow is the key in disease recurrence and may even foster a future secondary cancer."
Examining human blood samples, the scientists found a distinct signature of exosomal proteins (including MET) in patients with stage IV, widely metastatic melanoma that was not found in blood exosomes from patients with non-metastatic melanoma.
They say this protein signature could be used to predict which patients with stage III disease and local lymph node metastasis would then go on to develop distant metastatic disease. "Treatment modalities could be initiated earlier in these high-risk patients to prevent disease progression," Dr. Lyden says. "Our results demonstrated that MET oncoprotein expression, which can be easily analyzed in a simple blood test, could be used as a new marker of metastatic disease in melanoma patients."
The researchers then discovered two ways to reduce exosomal-induced metastasis. One way was to target the protein, Rab27a, responsible for production of exosomes. Another was to proactively educate BMDCs using exosomes spawned from melanoma cells that rarely metastasize.
"We have found that less or non-metastatic exosomal proteins may educate bone marrow cells to avoid partaking in the metastatic process," says Dr. Lyden. "We are working on determining which particular exosomal proteins may be responsible for preventing metastatic participation.
"This concept may one day be applied to the clinic, where non-metastatic exosome proteins may help prevent the acceleration of tumor growth and metastatic disease, allowing patients with cancer to live longer lives," he says.
###
Co-authors include Dr. Irina Matei, Bruno Costa-Silva, Caitlin Williams, Dr. Guillermo Garca-Santos, Dr. Ayuko Nitadori-Hoshino, Dr. Karen Badal and Dr. Caitlin Hoffman from Weill Cornell Medical College; Maa Ale?kovi?, Dr. Benjamin A Garcia, and Dr. Yibin Kang from Princeton University; Dr. Simon Lavotshkin from Columbia University; Dr. Vilma R. Martins from the International Center for Research and Education, A.C. Camargo Hospital, So Paulo, Brazil; Dr. Gema Moreno-Bueno and Marta Hergueta-Redondo, Departamento de Bioqumica, Universidad Autnoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomdicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas (CSIC)-UAM, IdiPAZ (Instituto de Investigacin Sanitaria La Paz) & Fundacin MD Anderson Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain; Dr. Cyrus M. Ghajar from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Dr. Margaret K. Callahan, Dr. Jedd D. Wolchok, Dr. Paul B. Chapman, Dr. Mary Sue Brady, and Dr. Jianda Yuan from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Dr. Johan Skog from Exosome Diagnostics Inc., New York; and Dr. Rosandra N. Kaplan, from the National Cancer Institute.
The research was supported by grants from the Children's Cancer & Blood Foundation, The Manning Foundation, The Hartwell Foundation, Pediatric Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Investigators Consortium, Stavros S. Niarchos Foundation, Champalimaud Foundation, The Nancy C. and Daniel P. Paduano Foundation, The Mary Kay Foundation, American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association 5th District, The Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Foundation, the National Cancer Institute, National Foundation for Cancer Research, Susan G. Komen for the Cure, Fundacin para el Fomento en Asturias de la Investigacin Cientfica Aplicada y la Tecnologa, University of Oviedo Foundation, The Beth C. Tortolani Foundation, Sussman Family Fund, Charles and Marjorie Holloway Foundation, Manhasset Breast Cancer Fund, The National Institutes of Health, Fundao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo, the National Science Foundation, The George Best Costacos Foundation, and an American Society for Mass Spectrometry research award.
Weill Cornell Medical College
Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University's medical school located in New York City, is committed to excellence in research, teaching, patient care and the advancement of the art and science of medicine, locally, nationally and globally. Physicians and scientists of Weill Cornell Medical College are engaged in cutting-edge research from bench to bedside, aimed at unlocking mysteries of the human body in health and sickness and toward developing new treatments and prevention strategies. In its commitment to global health and education, Weill Cornell has a strong presence in places such as Qatar, Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria and Turkey. Through the historic Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, the Medical College is the first in the U.S. to offer its M.D. degree overseas. Weill Cornell is the birthplace of many medical advances -- including the development of the Pap test for cervical cancer, the synthesis of penicillin, the first successful embryo-biopsy pregnancy and birth in the U.S., the first clinical trial of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease, and most recently, the world's first successful use of deep brain stimulation to treat a minimally conscious brain-injured patient. Weill Cornell Medical College is affiliated with NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, where its faculty provides comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center. The Medical College is also affiliated with the Methodist Hospital in Houston. For more information, visit weill.cornell.edu.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
All Critics (79) | Top Critics (21) | Fresh (73) | Rotten (6)
'Headhunters" is a frighteningly well-made thriller about an amoral art thief on the run.
"Headhunters" is a bit like an Ikea desk assembled with your nondominant arm -- sleek and attractive, but likely to fall to pieces if you look at it too hard.
"Headhunters" will indeed hand you your head.
A cat-and-mouse game with the giddy excitement of a heist movie.
It's crisp entertainment even as plot absurdities gum up the works - you can almost hear the pages turn as you watch.
The scenes of graphic violence are drawn out to the point where they overwhelm the story.
Sleek and relentless, it's a provocative, darkly comedic thriller.
Suspenseful, wickedly funny and clever, Headhunters offers more bang for your buck than most modern crime thrillers.
"Headhunters" isn't a pretty film, and it doesn't always entirely make sense, but it races along like a man chased by killers.
The good guy in the Norwegian "Headhunters" looks like a bad guy, and the bad guy looks like a good guy. And that's just one of the ways this dazzling movie messes with us.
HEADHUNTERS is an exhilarating thriller with great visual flare, top notch acting, and a story that will have you so involved that you'll possibly have no fingernails by the end of it!
Like a Teutonic techno band, this thriller is both skillfully familiar and chillingly strange.
...a sordid blast of delirious violence, brutal corporate satire, and male inadequacy.
This is one funny, gory, high-class crime thriller and my favorite Norwegian export since 'Troll Hunter.'
Do yourself a favor and see this one before some Yank director gets it all wrong.
Headhunters is a slick entertainment with well-orchestrated chases and bloody shootouts, though its characterizations are shallow and sketchy.
Despite the gaps in logic the movie...is cannily put together and easily holds your attention.
Everybody at one time or another gets hurt. But it?s not always our fault that we got hurt. Commonly someone else might be responsible. If that is the case then you may desire to file an individual injury claim. Here is some fundamental information pertaining to such claims.
Civil litigation complaint
Whether your situation involves an individual injury action concerning an automobile wreck or a suit filed to recover loss connected with a negligently constructed residence, after attempts at settling a case have actually failed or approached the statute of limitations, the next step is to file a complaint.
A personal injury suit starts with the filing of a Complaint by the plaintiff against the defendants. That Complaint needs to set out a ?prima facie? case, which is a Latin expression for ?at first view.? A prima-facie case is a lawsuit that makes factual allegations that support the claim being brought under state or Federal law. In other words, presuming plaintiff can prove everything that she alleges, is there law that would make the defendant(s) liable for the damage suffered by the plaintiff?
In a personal injury case, the plaintiff?s lawyer must allege the elements of neglect.
These elements include: There existed a duty between the plaintiff and defendant, the defendant breached that obligation, and the plaintiff suffered a loss that was a proximate outcome of the defendant?s breach. Put more simply, the Complaint in a car accident case displays the basic facts of the accident and usually alleges injuries and other loss. Practically, the plaintiff usually files a Complaint in the appropriate court and then the clerk of the court issues a summons and delivers it back to the plaintiff?s attorney to serve on the defendant(s) there are costs connected with filing any personal injury legal action which vary according to jurisdiction. This Complaint has to then be served on the defendants, by either certified mail, return receipt requested, or, as more usually is the case, by private process server or sheriff.
Special and General Damages
Lots of people inquire about exactly how their injuries translate into the more legal definition of loss. The specific terminologies can be deceptive and possibly confusing to those who are unfamiliar with the terms. The terms are inversely defined when dealing with tortuous claims as opposed to contracts to further confuse the subject. Here is a really good explanation when managing torts:
Special damages are pursued in legal actions in addition to basic damages. These 2 kinds are classified as Compensatory Damages and are both designed to return individuals to the position they were in prior to the alleged injury.
For example, if a person was hurt in an automobile accident, the victim could possibly seek damages that will cover medical costs, damage to the motor vehicle, and the loss of earnings now and in the future. Each of these will be classified as special damages. If the victim pursued a cash award for pain and suffering, mental anguish, and loss of consortium, these would be categorized as basic damages. Thus, special damages are based upon quantifiable dollar amounts of actual loss, while basic damages are for intangible losses that can be inferred from special damages along with other facts surrounding the case. In this description special damages are damages that are decreased to a ?sum certain? prior to trial.
Foreseeability and Negligence
A black letter rule of law is that failure to take acceptable steps to prevent unreasonable risk of injury from fairly foreseeable accidents is negligence. Numerous jurisdictions have a balancing test to determine the degree of the precautions needed. The burden of providing the preventative measure has to not be greater than the potential harm.
For example, it will be unreasonably burdensome for a merchant to employ bodyguards to individually escort customers from the parking lot, through their store to shop then back to the visitor?s vehicle. The cost of such precaution would be prohibitive even though it will undoubtedly guarantee the shopper?s security. Nonetheless, if a business is located in an area known as a high crime area, in other words it is foreseeable based upon past acts of crime that more crime could happen, and that company takes no precautions whatsoever to protect those it has invited is undoubtedly negligent when a criminal offense does happen and a customer is hurt.
If you need an attorney in Murfreesboro TN or a personal injury attorney in Murfreesboro TN please contact Price & Tidwell Attorneys at Law by calling our law office at 615-893-1239 to schedule a free consultation.
Tagged as: Personal Injury Attorneys, personal injury cases, personal injury facts, personal injury lawsuits, Personal Injury Lawyers
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Public release date: 29-May-2012
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